{"id":328,"date":"2015-07-01T05:38:44","date_gmt":"2015-07-01T03:38:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/anticopedie.fr\/WordPress\/?p=328"},"modified":"2015-09-22T11:20:02","modified_gmt":"2015-09-22T09:20:02","slug":"au-temps-ou-la-grece-sortait-du-tunnel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/anticopedie.fr\/WordPress\/?p=328","title":{"rendered":"Au temps o\u00f9 la Gr\u00e8ce sortait du tunnel"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le 11 mai dernier, RTL intitulait son \u00e9ditorial \u00ab\u00a0Crise grecque: la sortie du tunnel demeure incertaine\u00a0\u00bb. Il m\u2019a sembl\u00e9 alors me rappeler que le premier tunnel avait \u00e9t\u00e9 perc\u00e9 justement par des Grecs il y a plus de 2500 ans, et qu\u2019ils s\u2019en \u00e9taient fort bien sortis. Une id\u00e9e… \u00e0 creuser !<\/span><\/p>\n

Tunnel, pourquoi ce mot anglais ?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Lorsque Marc Seguin (1786-1875) construit la seconde voie ferr\u00e9e de France, de Saint-Etienne \u00e0 Lyon, entre 1828 et 1833, il utilise ce mot anglais qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 mis au go\u00fbt du jour par le spectaculaire percement d\u2019un passage sous la Tamise, \u00e0 Londres, entre 1825 et 1843. Ce Marc Seguin, connu dans l\u2019Histoire des techniques pour avoir invent\u00e9 la chaudi\u00e8re tubulaire des locomotives et perfectionn\u00e9 les ponts suspendus, est aussi un petit-neveu des fr\u00e8res Montgolfier… L\u2019innovation est-elle dans les g\u00e8nes familiaux?<\/span><\/p>\n

\"la<\/a>

La locomotive de Marc Seguin, Lyon-Saint-Etienne.<\/p><\/div>\n

On aurait pu se passer du mot anglais, puisqu\u2019il vient lui-m\u00eame du fran\u00e7ais \u00ab\u00a0tonnelle\u00a0\u00bb, une construction cylindrique ajour\u00e9e (dans les jardins, ou un filet pour la p\u00eache) dont la forme rappelle celle du tonneau – un mot d\u2019origine gauloise, soit dit en passant, ce qui nous ram\u00e8ne \u00e0 l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9. Mais soit, admettons qu\u2019il est difficile de donner le nom de tonnelle ou souterrain \u00e0 une construction \u00e9tanche passant sous une rivi\u00e8re.<\/span><\/p>\n

Et puis, ce n\u2019est pas le seul mot fran\u00e7ais qui nous soit revenu d\u2019Angleterre comme une balle de… tennis (du fran\u00e7ais \u00ab\u00a0tenez\u00a0\u00bb). Revenons \u00e0 nos moutons.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qui a invent\u00e9 le tunnel ?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

En tant que passage routier, le percement des collines n\u2019\u00e9tait pas une priorit\u00e9 dans l\u2019histoire humaine. Les premiers tunnels \u00e9taient destin\u00e9s \u00e0 amener l\u2019eau dans les villes antiques, avec une discr\u00e9tion qui constituait un atout consid\u00e9rable au cas o\u00f9 la ville se trouverait assi\u00e9g\u00e9e.<\/span><\/p>\n

Plusieurs des plus anciens tunnels connus amenaient ainsi l\u2019eau \u00e0 J\u00e9rusalem depuis la source du Gihon, comme le \u00ab\u00a0puits de Warren\u00a0\u00bb comprenant des galeries horizontales ou inclin\u00e9es et un puits de 14m de profondeur, datant du 9e ou 10e si\u00e8cle av. J.C. \u2013 pour l\u2019anecdote toujours, son d\u00e9couvreur, Charles Warren (1840-1927), fut plus tard chef de la police londonienne au temps de Jack l\u2019\u00e9ventreur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Un autre tunnel a \u00e9t\u00e9 construit \u00e0 J\u00e9rusalem sous le r\u00e8gne du roi de Juda Ez\u00e9chias (peut-\u00eatre m\u00eame avant), afin de ravitailler la ville en eau sous la menace d\u2019un si\u00e8ge par les arm\u00e9es assyriennes, qui eut effectivement lieu en 701 av. J.C. Mentionn\u00e9 dans la bible, ce tunnel a une longueur de 533 m\u00e8tres. Cependant, dans les deux cas, les b\u00e2tisseurs semblent avoir plut\u00f4t suivi une faille existante ou un cours souterrain d\u00e9j\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent dans la roche, ce qui explique le trac\u00e9 \u00e9trange du tunnel d\u2019Ez\u00e9chias.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"le<\/a>

Tunnel dEz\u00e9chias: le trac\u00e9 en bleu…<\/p><\/div>\n

Enfin, citons le canal dit \u00ab\u00a0du bronze ancien\u00a0\u00bb, dat\u00e9 de 1800 av. J.C. qui assurait la m\u00eame fonction, mais il s\u2019agissait d\u2019une tranch\u00e9e couverte.<\/span><\/p>\n

Si l\u2019on consid\u00e8re que le mot \u00ab\u00a0tunnel\u00a0\u00bb porte avec lui la notion d\u2019un percement calcul\u00e9 et planifi\u00e9, on peut consid\u00e9rer que le premier vrai tunnel est celui r\u00e9alis\u00e9 par Eupalinos de M\u00e9gare, sur l\u2019\u00eele de Samos.<\/span><\/p>\n

Le tunnel d\u2019Eupalinos, un prodige de l\u2019ing\u00e9nierie grecque<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Au 6e si\u00e8cle av. J.-C., l’ing\u00e9nieur Eupalinos de M\u00e9gare perce un aqueduc souterrain afin d’alimenter en eau la capitale de Samos (aujourd’hui Pythagorion), avec la discr\u00e9tion \u00e9voqu\u00e9e ci-dessus. La performance est immense: non seulement ce tunnel traverse la montagne sur une longueur de 1036 m dans un calcaire dur, mais son percement est entrepris comme de nos jours par deux \u00e9quipes attaquant chacune une extr\u00e9mit\u00e9, pour se rejoindre en son milieu.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Tunnel<\/a>Il fallait qu\u2019Eupalinos ait une belle confiance dans sa technologie pour oser un tel exploit, 200 ans avant qu\u2019Euclide ne d\u00e9finisse ses r\u00e8gles de la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie, et 500 ans avant qu\u2019H\u00e9ron d\u2019Alexandrie ne d\u00e9crive une m\u00e9thode et les instruments n\u00e9cessaires. Car le percement devait \u00eatre rigoureusement horizontal (ce que des goulottes d’eau peuvent encore v\u00e9rifier), orient\u00e9 correctement dans dans ce plan, et surtout que les tron\u00e7ons se rejoignent car m\u00eame parfaitement orient\u00e9s, ils pouvaient \u00eatre parall\u00e8les et (comme dira Euclide) ne jamais se rencontrer.<\/span><\/p>\n

On peut penser qu\u2019Eupalinos n\u2019\u00e9tait en fait pas totalement rassur\u00e9 sur ce point car, aux abords de la jonction, il fait zigzaguer les galeries et en \u00e9largit le diam\u00e8tre afin d\u2019augmenter les chances de succ\u00e8s. Des pr\u00e9cautions d\u2019ailleurs inutiles puisque l\u2019erreur, mesur\u00e9e r\u00e9cemment, \u00e9tait de 75 centim\u00e8tres seulement. Fouill\u00e9 \u00e0 la fin du 19e si\u00e8cle, l\u2019ouvrage avait fonctionn\u00e9 pendant plus de mille ans, et H\u00e9rodote lui-m\u00eame le classe parmi les plus grandes r\u00e9alisations de la Gr\u00e8ce antique. Comment Eupalinos a-t-il pu r\u00e9aliser un tel exploit? La question est encore discut\u00e9e!<\/span><\/p>\n

Quant aux tunnels routiers…<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Remarquons simplement qu\u2019en France, le premier vrai tunnel routier fut celui du Lioran, qui date de 1843… alors qu\u2019en Italie, le tunnel du Furlo, sur la Via Flaminia, avait \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9 sous Vespasien et termin\u00e9 en 76 apr\u00e8s J.-C.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le 11 mai dernier, RTL intitulait son \u00e9ditorial \u00ab\u00a0Crise grecque: la sortie du tunnel demeure incertaine\u00a0\u00bb. Il m\u2019a sembl\u00e9 alors me rappeler que le premier tunnel avait \u00e9t\u00e9 perc\u00e9 justement par des Grecs il y a plus de 2500 ans, et qu\u2019ils s\u2019en \u00e9taient fort bien sortis ! Le connaissez-vous ? Continuer la lecture →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":359,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[50,198,51,195,30,197,61,196],"class_list":["post-328","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","tag-antiquite","tag-etymologie","tag-grece","tag-grece-antique","tag-histoire","tag-percement","tag-technologie","tag-tunnel"],"yoast_head":"\nAu temps o\u00f9 la Gr\u00e8ce sortait du tunnel<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Qui a perc\u00e9 le premier tunnel ? Et d'abord, d'o\u00f9 vient ce mot. 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