{"id":406,"date":"2016-03-01T06:00:22","date_gmt":"2016-03-01T05:00:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/anticopedie.fr\/WordPress\/?p=406"},"modified":"2021-12-14T11:54:33","modified_gmt":"2021-12-14T10:54:33","slug":"p406","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/anticopedie.fr\/WordPress\/?p=406","title":{"rendered":"Un temple grec qui tourne sur son axe? L’\u00e9nigme du temple de Bassae"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Temple

K. Kotsanas, fondateur du Mus\u00e9e des Technologies des Grecs de l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9,
au temple de Bassae<\/p><\/div>\n

La construction des temples grecs ne devait rien au hasard, ni dans leur architecture, ni dans leur emplacement et leur orientation. Ils abritaient le culte des dieux, mais illustraient tout autant l\u2019harmonie entre l\u2019Homme et l\u2019univers.<\/span><\/p>\n

Le temple de Bassae est situ\u00e9 dans le P\u00e9loponn\u00e8se, plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment dans les montagnes qui dominent la r\u00e9gion d\u2019Olympie. D\u00e9di\u00e9 \u00e0 Apollon Epikourios, il reste une construction myst\u00e9rieuse \u00e0 plus d\u2019un titre. Tout d\u2019abord, il est orient\u00e9 nord-sud, alors que la majorit\u00e9 des temples sont orient\u00e9s est-ouest. Et pourquoi a-t-il \u00e9t\u00e9 construit \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cart de toute voie de communication, ce qui le rend aujourd\u2019hui encore difficile d\u2019acc\u00e8s?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\"TempleEnsuite, si son p\u00e9ristyle est compos\u00e9 de colonnes de type dorique bien conformes \u00e0 son \u00e9poque, on trouve \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur deux rang\u00e9es de colonnes d\u2019ordre ionique, dont les derni\u00e8res encadrent une unique colonne corinthienne, qui serait la plus ancienne du genre. Pausanias, grand voyageur, dit qu\u2019il fut construit par Actinos, l\u2019un des architectes du Parth\u00e9non, mais les scientifiques en doutent. Un point commun avec le Parth\u00e9non cependant: ses bas-reliefs se trouvent eux aussi aujourd\u2019hui au British Museum!<\/span><\/p>\n

Mais ce temple conserve encore un autre myst\u00e8re, profond\u00e9ment cach\u00e9 dans ses fondations, que les scientifiques ont parfois pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 comme un d\u00e9faut sans en comprendre le sens profond.<\/span><\/p>\n

Quand l’arch\u00e9ologue Frederick A. Cooper effectua quelques sondages sur les fondations en 1972, il constata quelques \u00e9l\u00e9ments \u00e9tranges. L’\u00e9difice repose sur un socle inhabituel. Sous le c\u00f4t\u00e9 est du temple, \u00e0 une profondeur de deux m\u00e8tres, se trouve un soubassement de roche taill\u00e9 avec soin et descendant vers le sud, constituant un plan inclin\u00e9. Du c\u00f4t\u00e9 sud, les choses sont diff\u00e9rentes: le temple repose sur des d\u00e9bris, une couche compos\u00e9e principalement d\u2019argile jaun\u00e2tre et de galets. Il en r\u00e9sulte que tout le temple peut glisser en pivotant lentement autour d’un axe situ\u00e9 dans l\u2019angle sud-est.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pour permettre ces d\u00e9placements, toute la base du temple est constitu\u00e9e de dalles jointives reli\u00e9es entre elles par des agrafes m\u00e9talliques gain\u00e9es de plomb (des attaches similaires ont \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9es dans la base du temple d’Ath\u00e9na Pronaia \u00e0 Delphes, connu sous le nom de Tholos).<\/span><\/p>\n

Pourquoi le temple d’Apollon \u00e0 Bassae a-t-il \u00e9t\u00e9 ainsi con\u00e7u?<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

D’apr\u00e8s le math\u00e9maticien Stelios Petrakis, la rotation du temple ne doit rien au hasard, mais a \u00e9t\u00e9 provoqu\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9e.<\/span><\/p>\n

Il affirme qu’il s\u2019agit d\u2019un effet soigneusement pr\u00e9m\u00e9dit\u00e9 par les anciens b\u00e2tisseurs. La dalle qui supporte le temple aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 con\u00e7ue selon des calculs tr\u00e8s minutieux en pr\u00e9voyant le poids de la structure et son mouvement de rotation, de sorte qu\u2019il pivote chaque ann\u00e9e d\u2019un angle de 50,2 secondes. C\u2019est sur ce point que repose sa th\u00e9orie spectaculaire, parce que cet angle correspond \u00e0 l\u2019angle annuel de pr\u00e9cession des \u00e9quinoxes, ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne astronomique qui d\u00e9cale la position du nord g\u00e9ographique dans le ciel, et qui correspond \u00e0 un tour complet tous les 25760 ans.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"precessionCe ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne r\u00e9sulte du fait que l\u2019orientation de l\u2019axe de rotation de la Terre n\u2019est pas fig\u00e9e par rapport \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cliptique (le plan qui contient le Soleil et la plupart des plan\u00e8tes), mais d\u00e9crit un c\u00f4ne, comme celui d\u2019une toupie dont le mouvement a \u00e9t\u00e9 perturb\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Les b\u00e2tisseurs du temple auraient parfaitement compris ce mouvement et auraient con\u00e7u la fondation du temple en cons\u00e9quence, afin qu\u2019il puisse pivoter et ainsi s’affranchir de ce mouvement de pr\u00e9cession des \u00e9quinoxes.<\/span><\/p>\n

Voil\u00e0 ce que soutient Stelios Petrakis, dont les travaux en cours seront prochainement soumis \u00e0 la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 math\u00e9matique de Patras.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Le

Le temple de Bassae est, depuis des ann\u00e9es, en cours de restauration, prot\u00e9g\u00e9 par un v\u00e9lum… Esp\u00e9rons qu\u2019il retrouvera un jour l\u2019air libre du P\u00e9loponn\u00e8se.<\/p><\/div>\n

Si l\u2019on en juge d\u2019apr\u00e8s les plaques qui composent le soubassement, le temple pointait bien, il y a 2400 ans, vers l\u2019\u00e9toile Alpha de la constellation du Dragon qui marquait le nord g\u00e9ographique. Vise-t-elle aujourd’hui l\u2019\u00e9toile polaire (Alpha de la petite Ourse)? Oui, dit Stelios Petrakis en expliquant: \u00ab\u00a0J\u2019ai constat\u00e9 le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne le 2 ao\u00fbt 1972. J\u2019ai attendu patiemment le cr\u00e9puscule, plac\u00e9 derri\u00e8re l’autel circulaire qui se trouve \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur du temple. Quand les \u00e9toiles sont apparues, j\u2019ai vu, en prolongeant mentalement les deux colonnes du milieu de la face nord vers le ciel, exactement au centre, l\u2019\u00e9toile polaire actuelle, l\u2019Alpha de la Petite Ourse\u00a0\u00bb…<\/span><\/p>\n

Aux esprits prudents qui trouveraient invraisemblable cette th\u00e9orie sur une rotation calcul\u00e9e du temple, il r\u00e9pond que les calculs math\u00e9matiques et astronomiques peuvent nous rappeler que, parfois, la rationalit\u00e9 et l’arrogance scientifique nous font exclure a priori des id\u00e9es qui, aussi incroyables soient-elles, pourraient bien \u00eatre vraies (\u00e9ditions Istoriognwsia<\/span>).\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Et si la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 \u00e9tait plus simple?<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Et si, tout simplement, les b\u00e2tisseurs avaient adopt\u00e9 d\u2019embl\u00e9e la conception qui sera reprise, 2500 ans plus tard, notamment pour la construction de l\u2019immense pont hauban\u00e9 de Rion-Antirion qui franchit le golfe de Corinthe, pas tr\u00e8s loin de l\u00e0, et qui repose \u00e9galement sur des dalles autorisant des d\u00e9placements horizontaux en cas de s\u00e9isme?<\/span><\/p>\n

Les Grecs n\u2019ont peut-\u00eatre pas invent\u00e9 le temple giratoire astronomique, la rotation du b\u00e2timent s\u2019est peut-\u00eatre accomplie de mani\u00e8re fortuite au fil des s\u00e9ismes successifs fr\u00e9quents dans la r\u00e9gion. Mais si m\u00eame ils n\u2019ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 qu\u2019une m\u00e9thode de construction parasismique efficace, l\u2019exploit est d\u00e9j\u00e0 remarquable!<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Selon Stelios Petrakis, si ce temple a tourn\u00e9 au cours des si\u00e8cles, ce n\u2019est pas par hasard : c\u2019est pour suivre le nord g\u00e9ographique qui se d\u00e9place sous l\u2019effet de la pr\u00e9cession des \u00e9quinoxes… Continuer la lecture →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":411,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[261,260,269,272,271,268,263,43,51,266,267,273,259,270,262,258,265,264],"class_list":["post-406","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","tag-apollon","tag-bassae","tag-boussole","tag-construction","tag-equinoxe","tag-geographique","tag-giration","tag-grec","tag-grece","tag-nord","tag-orientation","tag-oriente","tag-peloponnese","tag-precession","tag-rotation","tag-temple","tag-tournant","tag-tourne"],"yoast_head":"\nUn temple grec qui tourne sur son axe? 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